package com.xgimi.smartscreen.encrypt;

/**
 * <p>
 * Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Homepage: <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>.
 * </p>
 * 
 * <p>
 * Example:
 * </p>
 * 
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encode( myByteArray );</code> <br />
 * <code>byte[] myByteArray = Base64.decode( encoded );</code>
 * 
 * <p>
 * The <tt>options</tt> parameter, which appears in a few places, is used to
 * pass several pieces of information to the encoder. In the "higher level"
 * methods such as encodeBytes( bytes, options ) the options parameter can be
 * used to indicate such things as first gzipping the bytes before encoding
 * them, not inserting linefeeds, and encoding using the URL-safe and Ordered
 * dialects.
 * </p>
 * 
 * <p>
 * Note, according to <a
 * href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">RFC3548</a>, Section 2.1,
 * implementations should not add line feeds unless explicitly told to do so.
 * I've got Base64 set to this behavior now, although earlier versions broke
 * lines by default.
 * </p>
 * 
 * <p>
 * The constants defined in Base64 can be OR-ed together to combine options, so
 * you might make a call like this:
 * </p>
 * 
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( mybytes, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES );</code>
 * <p>
 * to compress the data before encoding it and then making the output have
 * newline characters.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Also...
 * </p>
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( crazyString.getBytes() );</code>
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * <p>
 * Change Log:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>v2.3.4 - Fixed bug when working with gzipped streams whereby flushing the
 * Base64.OutputStream closed the Base64 encoding (by padding with equals signs)
 * too soon. Also added an option to suppress the automatic decoding of gzipped
 * streams. Also added experimental support for specifying a class loader when
 * using the
 * {@link #decodeToObject(java.lang.String, int, java.lang.ClassLoader)} method.
 * </li>
 * <li>v2.3.3 - Changed default char encoding to US-ASCII which reduces the
 * internal Java footprint with its CharEncoders and so forth. Fixed some
 * javadocs that were inconsistent. Removed imports and specified things like
 * java.io.IOException explicitly inline.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.2 - Reduced memory footprint! Finally refined the "guessing" of how
 * big the final encoded data will be so that the code doesn't have to create
 * two output arrays: an oversized initial one and then a final, exact-sized
 * one. Big win when using the {@link #encodeBytesToBytes(byte[])} family of
 * methods (and not using the gzip options which uses a different mechanism with
 * streams and stuff).</li>
 * <li>v2.3.1 - Added {@link #encodeBytesToBytes(byte[], int, int, int)} and
 * some similar helper methods to be more efficient with memory by not returning
 * a String but just a byte array.</li>
 * <li>v2.3 - <strong>This is not a drop-in replacement!</strong> This is two
 * years of comments and bug fixes queued up and finally executed. Thanks to
 * everyone who sent me stuff, and I'm sorry I wasn't able to distribute your
 * fixes to everyone else. Much bad coding was cleaned up including throwing
 * exceptions where necessary instead of returning null values or something
 * similar. Here are some changes that may affect you:
 * <ul>
 * <li><em>Does not break lines, by default.</em> This is to keep in compliance
 * with <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">RFC3548</a>.</li>
 * <li><em>Throws exceptions instead of returning null values.</em> Because some
 * operations (especially those that may permit the GZIP option) use IO streams,
 * there is a possiblity of an java.io.IOException being thrown. After some
 * discussion and thought, I've changed the behavior of the methods to throw
 * java.io.IOExceptions rather than return null if ever there's an error. I
 * think this is more appropriate, though it will require some changes to your
 * code. Sorry, it should have been done this way to begin with.</li>
 * <li><em>Removed all references to System.out, System.err, and the like.</em>
 * Shame on me. All I can say is sorry they were ever there.</li>
 * <li><em>Throws NullPointerExceptions and IllegalArgumentExceptions</em> as
 * needed such as when passed arrays are null or offsets are invalid.</li>
 * <li>Cleaned up as much javadoc as I could to avoid any javadoc warnings. This
 * was especially annoying before for people who were thorough in their own
 * projects and then had gobs of javadoc warnings on this file.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <li>v2.2.1 - Fixed bug using URL_SAFE and ORDERED encodings. Fixed bug when
 * using very small files (~< 40 bytes).</li>
 * <li>v2.2 - Added some helper methods for encoding/decoding directly from one
 * file to the next. Also added a main() method to support command line
 * encoding/decoding from one file to the next. Also added these Base64
 * dialects:
 * <ol>
 * <li>The default is RFC3548 format.</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.URLSAFE_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format as described in Section 4 of RFC3548.
 * http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.ORDERED_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format that preserves lexical ordering as
 * described in http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</li>
 * </ol>
 * Special thanks to Jim Kellerman at <a
 * href="http://www.powerset.com/">http://www.powerset.com/</a> for contributing
 * the new Base64 dialects.</li>
 * 
 * <li>v2.1 - Cleaned up javadoc comments and unused variables and methods.
 * Added some convenience methods for reading and writing to and from files.</li>
 * <li>v2.0.2 - Now specifies UTF-8 encoding in places where the code fails on
 * systems with other encodings (like EBCDIC).</li>
 * <li>v2.0.1 - Fixed an error when decoding a single byte, that is, when the
 * encoded data was a single byte.</li>
 * <li>v2.0 - I got rid of methods that used booleans to set options. Now
 * everything is more consolidated and cleaner. The code now detects when data
 * that's being decoded is gzip-compressed and will decompress it automatically.
 * Generally things are cleaner. You'll probably have to change some method
 * calls that you were making to support the new options format (<tt>int</tt>s
 * that you "OR" together).</li>
 * <li>v1.5.1 - Fixed bug when decompressing and decoding to a byte[] using
 * <tt>decode( String s, boolean gzipCompressed )</tt>. Added the ability to
 * "suspend" encoding in the Output Stream so you can turn on and off the
 * encoding if you need to embed base64 data in an otherwise "normal" stream
 * (like an XML file).</li>
 * <li>v1.5 - Output stream pases on flush() command but doesn't do anything
 * itself. This helps when using GZIP streams. Added the ability to
 * GZip-compress objects before encoding them.</li>
 * <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input
 * stream where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not
 * returned.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the
 * wrong time.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
 * </ul>
 * 
 * <p>
 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will. This
 * software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with plenty of
 * well-wishing instead! Please visit <a
 * href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a> periodically
 * to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
 * </p>
 * 
 * @author Robert Harder
 * @author rob@iharder.net
 * @version 2.3.3
 */
public class Base64 {

	/* ******** P U B L I C F I E L D S ******** */

	/** No options specified. Value is zero. */
	public final static int NO_OPTIONS = 0;

	/** Specify encoding in first bit. Value is one. */
	public final static int ENCODE = 1;

	/** Specify decoding in first bit. Value is zero. */
	public final static int DECODE = 0;

	/** Specify that data should be gzip-compressed in second bit. Value is two. */
	public final static int GZIP = 2;

	/**
	 * Specify that gzipped data should <em>not</em> be automatically gunzipped.
	 */
	public final static int DONT_GUNZIP = 4;

	/** Do break lines when encoding. Value is 8. */
	public final static int DO_BREAK_LINES = 8;

	/**
	 * Encode using Base64-like encoding that is URL- and Filename-safe as
	 * described in Section 4 of RFC3548: <a
	 * href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html"
	 * >http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>. It is important to note that
	 * data encoded this way is <em>not</em> officially valid Base64, or at the
	 * very least should not be called Base64 without also specifying that is
	 * was encoded using the URL- and Filename-safe dialect.
	 */
	public final static int URL_SAFE = 16;

	/**
	 * Encode using the special "ordered" dialect of Base64 described here: <a
	 * href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-
	 * 1940.html</a>.
	 */
	public final static int ORDERED = 32;

	/* ******** P R I V A T E F I E L D S ******** */

	/** Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output. */
	private final static int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;

	/** The equals sign (=) as a byte. */
	private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';

	/** The new line character (\n) as a byte. */
	private final static byte NEW_LINE = (byte) '\n';

	/** Preferred encoding. */
	private final static String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "US-ASCII";

	private final static byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in
													// encoding
	private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in
													// encoding

	/* ******** S T A N D A R D B A S E 6 4 A L P H A B E T ******** */

	/** The 64 valid Base64 values. */
	/*
	 * Host platform me be something funny like EBCDIC, so we hardcode these
	 * values.
	 */
	private final static byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET = { (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B',
			(byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
			(byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L',
			(byte) 'M', (byte) 'N', (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q',
			(byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U', (byte) 'V',
			(byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z', (byte) 'a',
			(byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f',
			(byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k',
			(byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p',
			(byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
			(byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
			(byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4',
			(byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9',
			(byte) '+', (byte) '/' };

	/**
	 * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value or a
	 * negative number indicating some other meaning.
	 **/
	private final static byte[] _STANDARD_DECODABET = { -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 0 - 8
			-5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
			-9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
			-5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 -
																// 26
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
			-5, // Whitespace: Space
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
			62, // Plus sign at decimal 43
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 44 - 46
			63, // Slash at decimal 47
			52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // Numbers zero through nine
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
			-1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
			0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, // Letters 'A' through
															// 'N'
			14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, // Letters 'O'
															// through 'Z'
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 96
			26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, // Letters 'a'
																// through 'm'
			39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, // Letters 'n'
																// through 'z'
			-9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 126
	/*
	 * ,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 127 - 139
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 140 - 152
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 153 - 165
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 166 - 178
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 179 - 191
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 192 - 204
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 205 - 217
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 218 - 230
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 231 - 243
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9 // Decimal 244 - 255
	 */
	};

	/* ******** U R L S A F E B A S E 6 4 A L P H A B E T ******** */

	/**
	 * Used in the URL- and Filename-safe dialect described in Section 4 of
	 * RFC3548: <a
	 * href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org
	 * /rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>. Notice that the last two bytes become "hyphen"
	 * and "underscore" instead of "plus" and "slash."
	 */
	private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET = { (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B',
			(byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
			(byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L',
			(byte) 'M', (byte) 'N', (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q',
			(byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U', (byte) 'V',
			(byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z', (byte) 'a',
			(byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f',
			(byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k',
			(byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p',
			(byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
			(byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
			(byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4',
			(byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9',
			(byte) '-', (byte) '_' };

	/**
	 * Used in decoding URL- and Filename-safe dialects of Base64.
	 */
	private final static byte[] _URL_SAFE_DECODABET = { -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 0 - 8
			-5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
			-9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
			-5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 -
																// 26
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
			-5, // Whitespace: Space
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
			-9, // Plus sign at decimal 43
			-9, // Decimal 44
			62, // Minus sign at decimal 45
			-9, // Decimal 46
			-9, // Slash at decimal 47
			52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // Numbers zero through nine
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
			-1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
			0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, // Letters 'A' through
															// 'N'
			14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, // Letters 'O'
															// through 'Z'
			-9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 94
			63, // Underscore at decimal 95
			-9, // Decimal 96
			26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, // Letters 'a'
																// through 'm'
			39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, // Letters 'n'
																// through 'z'
			-9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 126
	/*
	 * ,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 127 - 139
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 140 - 152
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 153 - 165
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 166 - 178
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 179 - 191
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 192 - 204
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 205 - 217
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 218 - 230
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 231 - 243
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9 // Decimal 244 - 255
	 */
	};

	/* ******** O R D E R E D B A S E 6 4 A L P H A B E T ******** */

	/**
	 * I don't get the point of this technique, but someone requested it, and it
	 * is described here: <a
	 * href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://
	 * www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
	 */
	private final static byte[] _ORDERED_ALPHABET = { (byte) '-', (byte) '0',
			(byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
			(byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) 'A',
			(byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F',
			(byte) 'G', (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K',
			(byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N', (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P',
			(byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
			(byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
			(byte) '_', (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd',
			(byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i',
			(byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
			(byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's',
			(byte) 't', (byte) 'u', (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x',
			(byte) 'y', (byte) 'z' };

	/**
	 * Used in decoding the "ordered" dialect of Base64.
	 */
	private final static byte[] _ORDERED_DECODABET = { -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9,
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 0 - 8
			-5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
			-9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
			-5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 -
																// 26
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
			-5, // Whitespace: Space
			-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
			-9, // Plus sign at decimal 43
			-9, // Decimal 44
			0, // Minus sign at decimal 45
			-9, // Decimal 46
			-9, // Slash at decimal 47
			1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, // Numbers zero through nine
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
			-1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
			-9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
			11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, // Letters 'A'
																// through 'M'
			24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, // Letters 'N'
																// through 'Z'
			-9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 94
			37, // Underscore at decimal 95
			-9, // Decimal 96
			38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, // Letters 'a'
																// through 'm'
			51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, // Letters 'n'
																// through 'z'
			-9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 126
	/*
	 * ,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 127 - 139
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 140 - 152
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 153 - 165
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 166 - 178
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 179 - 191
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 192 - 204
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 205 - 217
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 218 - 230
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9, // Decimal 231 - 243
	 * -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9 // Decimal 244 - 255
	 */
	};

	/* ******** D E T E R M I N E W H I C H A L H A B E T ******** */

	/**
	 * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_ALPHABET byte arrays depending on the
	 * options specified. It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED
	 * <b>and</b> URLSAFE in which case one of them will be picked, though there
	 * is no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
	 */
	private final static byte[] getAlphabet(int options) {
		if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE) {
			return _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET;
		} else if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED) {
			return _ORDERED_ALPHABET;
		} else {
			return _STANDARD_ALPHABET;
		}
	} // end getAlphabet

	/**
	 * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_DECODABET byte arrays depending on the
	 * options specified. It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and
	 * URL_SAFE in which case one of them will be picked, though there is no
	 * guarantee as to which one will be picked.
	 */
	private final static byte[] getDecodabet(int options) {
		if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE) {
			return _URL_SAFE_DECODABET;
		} else if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED) {
			return _ORDERED_DECODABET;
		} else {
			return _STANDARD_DECODABET;
		}
	} // end getAlphabet

	/** Defeats instantiation. */
	private Base64() {
	}

	/* ******** E N C O D I N G M E T H O D S ******** */

	/**
	 * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var> and
	 * returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation. The actual number of
	 * significant bytes in your array is given by <var>numSigBytes</var>. The
	 * array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as
	 * <var>numSigBytes</var>. Code can reuse a byte array by passing a
	 * four-byte array as <var>b4</var>.
	 * 
	 * @param b4
	 *            A reusable byte array to reduce array instantiation
	 * @param threeBytes
	 *            the array to convert
	 * @param numSigBytes
	 *            the number of significant bytes in your array
	 * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
	 * @since 1.5.1
	 */
	private static byte[] encode3to4(byte[] b4, byte[] threeBytes,
			int numSigBytes, int options) {
		encode3to4(threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, b4, 0, options);
		return b4;
	} // end encode3to4

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var> and writes the
	 * resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>. The source and
	 * destination arrays can be manipulated anywhere along their length by
	 * specifying <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>. This method
	 * does not check to make sure your arrays are large enough to accomodate
	 * <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for the <var>source</var> array or
	 * <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for the <var>destination</var> array. The
	 * actual number of significant bytes in your array is given by
	 * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
	 * </p>
	 * <p>
	 * This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with all possible
	 * parameters.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            the array to convert
	 * @param srcOffset
	 *            the index where conversion begins
	 * @param numSigBytes
	 *            the number of significant bytes in your array
	 * @param destination
	 *            the array to hold the conversion
	 * @param destOffset
	 *            the index where output will be put
	 * @return the <var>destination</var> array
	 * @since 1.3
	 */
	private static byte[] encode3to4(byte[] source, int srcOffset,
			int numSigBytes, byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options) {

		byte[] ALPHABET = getAlphabet(options);

		// 1 2 3
		// 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
		// --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
		// --------| || || || | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
		// >>18 >>12 >> 6 >> 0 Right shift necessary
		// 0x3f 0x3f 0x3f Additional AND

		// Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
		// significant bytes passed in the array.
		// We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
		// when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an
		// int.
		int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[srcOffset] << 24) >>> 8) : 0)
				| (numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[srcOffset + 1] << 24) >>> 16) : 0)
				| (numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[srcOffset + 2] << 24) >>> 24) : 0);

		switch (numSigBytes) {
		case 3:
			destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
			destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
			destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
			destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[(inBuff) & 0x3f];
			return destination;

		case 2:
			destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
			destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
			destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
			destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
			return destination;

		case 1:
			destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
			destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
			destination[destOffset + 2] = EQUALS_SIGN;
			destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
			return destination;

		default:
			return destination;
		} // end switch
	} // end encode3to4

	/**
	 * Performs Base64 encoding on the <code>raw</code> ByteBuffer, writing it
	 * to the <code>encoded</code> ByteBuffer. This is an experimental feature.
	 * Currently it does not pass along any options (such as
	 * {@link #DO_BREAK_LINES} or {@link #GZIP}.
	 * 
	 * @param raw
	 *            input buffer
	 * @param encoded
	 *            output buffer
	 * @since 2.3
	 */
	public static void encode(java.nio.ByteBuffer raw,
			java.nio.ByteBuffer encoded) {
		byte[] raw3 = new byte[3];
		byte[] enc4 = new byte[4];

		while (raw.hasRemaining()) {
			int rem = Math.min(3, raw.remaining());
			raw.get(raw3, 0, rem);
			Base64.encode3to4(enc4, raw3, rem, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
			encoded.put(enc4);
		} // end input remaining
	}

	/**
	 * Performs Base64 encoding on the <code>raw</code> ByteBuffer, writing it
	 * to the <code>encoded</code> CharBuffer. This is an experimental feature.
	 * Currently it does not pass along any options (such as
	 * {@link #DO_BREAK_LINES} or {@link #GZIP}.
	 * 
	 * @param raw
	 *            input buffer
	 * @param encoded
	 *            output buffer
	 * @since 2.3
	 */
	public static void encode(java.nio.ByteBuffer raw,
			java.nio.CharBuffer encoded) {
		byte[] raw3 = new byte[3];
		byte[] enc4 = new byte[4];

		while (raw.hasRemaining()) {
			int rem = Math.min(3, raw.remaining());
			raw.get(raw3, 0, rem);
			Base64.encode3to4(enc4, raw3, rem, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
			for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
				encoded.put((char) (enc4[i] & 0xFF));
			}
		} // end input remaining
	}

	/**
	 * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded version of that
	 * serialized object.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if the object cannot be serialized or there is another
	 * error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to
	 * v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but in
	 * retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
	 * 
	 * @param serializableObject
	 *            The object to encode
	 * @return The Base64-encoded object
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if serializedObject is null
	 * @since 1.4
	 */
	public static String encodeObject(java.io.Serializable serializableObject)
			throws java.io.IOException {
		return encodeObject(serializableObject, NO_OPTIONS);
	} // end encodeObject

	/**
	 * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded version of that
	 * serialized object.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if the object cannot be serialized or there is another
	 * error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to
	 * v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but in
	 * retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
	 * <p>
	 * Example options:
	 * 
	 * <pre>
	 *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
	 *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
	 * </pre>
	 * <p>
	 * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
	 * <p>
	 * Example:
	 * <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
	 * 
	 * @param serializableObject
	 *            The object to encode
	 * @param options
	 *            Specified options
	 * @return The Base64-encoded object
	 * @see Base64#GZIP
	 * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	public static String encodeObject(java.io.Serializable serializableObject,
			int options) throws java.io.IOException {

		if (serializableObject == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null object.");
		} // end if: null

		// Streams
		java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
		java.io.OutputStream b64os = null;
		java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
		java.io.ObjectOutputStream oos = null;

		try {
			// ObjectOutputStream -> (GZIP) -> Base64 -> ByteArrayOutputStream
			baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
			b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, ENCODE | options);
			if ((options & GZIP) != 0) {
				// Gzip
				gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);
				oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(gzos);
			} else {
				// Not gzipped
				oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(b64os);
			}
			oos.writeObject(serializableObject);
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			// Catch it and then throw it immediately so that
			// the finally{} block is called for cleanup.
			throw e;
		} // end catch
		finally {
			try {
				oos.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
			try {
				gzos.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
			try {
				b64os.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
			try {
				baos.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
		} // end finally

		// Return value according to relevant encoding.
		try {
			return new String(baos.toByteArray(), PREFERRED_ENCODING);
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
			// Fall back to some Java default
			return new String(baos.toByteArray());
		} // end catch

	} // end encode

	/**
	 * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation. Does not GZip-compress data.
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The data to convert
	 * @return The data in Base64-encoded form
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source array is null
	 * @since 1.4
	 */
	public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source) {
		// Since we're not going to have the GZIP encoding turned on,
		// we're not going to have an java.io.IOException thrown, so
		// we should not force the user to have to catch it.
		String encoded = null;
		try {
			encoded = encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, NO_OPTIONS);
		} catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
			assert false : ex.getMessage();
		} // end catch
		assert encoded != null;
		return encoded;
	} // end encodeBytes

	/**
	 * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
	 * <p>
	 * Example options:
	 * 
	 * <pre>
	 *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
	 *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
	 *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
	 * </pre>
	 * <p>
	 * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
	 * <p>
	 * Example:
	 * <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
	 * 
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is an error with the GZIP stream, the method will
	 * throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier
	 * versions, it just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a
	 * pretty poor way to handle it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The data to convert
	 * @param options
	 *            Specified options
	 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
	 * @see Base64#GZIP
	 * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source array is null
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int options)
			throws java.io.IOException {
		return encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, options);
	} // end encodeBytes

	/**
	 * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation. Does not GZip-compress data.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is an error, the method will throw an
	 * java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
	 * just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to
	 * handle it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The data to convert
	 * @param off
	 *            Offset in array where conversion should begin
	 * @param len
	 *            Length of data to convert
	 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source array is null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
	 *             if source array, offset, or length are invalid
	 * @since 1.4
	 */
	public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len) {
		// Since we're not going to have the GZIP encoding turned on,
		// we're not going to have an java.io.IOException thrown, so
		// we should not force the user to have to catch it.
		String encoded = null;
		try {
			encoded = encodeBytes(source, off, len, NO_OPTIONS);
		} catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
			assert false : ex.getMessage();
		} // end catch
		assert encoded != null;
		return encoded;
	} // end encodeBytes

	/**
	 * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
	 * <p>
	 * Example options:
	 * 
	 * <pre>
	 *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
	 *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
	 *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
	 * </pre>
	 * <p>
	 * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
	 * <p>
	 * Example:
	 * <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
	 * 
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is an error with the GZIP stream, the method will
	 * throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier
	 * versions, it just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a
	 * pretty poor way to handle it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The data to convert
	 * @param off
	 *            Offset in array where conversion should begin
	 * @param len
	 *            Length of data to convert
	 * @param options
	 *            Specified options
	 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
	 * @see Base64#GZIP
	 * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source array is null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
	 *             if source array, offset, or length are invalid
	 * @since 2.0
	 */
	public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len,
			int options) throws java.io.IOException {
		byte[] encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, off, len, options);

		// Return value according to relevant encoding.
		try {
			return new String(encoded, PREFERRED_ENCODING);
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
			return new String(encoded);
		} // end catch

	} // end encodeBytes

	/**
	 * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[])} but returns a byte array instead
	 * of instantiating a String. This is more efficient if you're working with
	 * I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
	 * 
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The data to convert
	 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a byte[] (of ASCII characters)
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source array is null
	 * @since 2.3.1
	 */
	public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source) {
		byte[] encoded = null;
		try {
			encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, 0, source.length,
					Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
		} catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
			assert false : "IOExceptions only come from GZipping, which is turned off: "
					+ ex.getMessage();
		}
		return encoded;
	}

	/**
	 * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[], int, int, int)} but returns a byte
	 * array instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient if you're
	 * working with I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
	 * 
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The data to convert
	 * @param off
	 *            Offset in array where conversion should begin
	 * @param len
	 *            Length of data to convert
	 * @param options
	 *            Specified options
	 * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
	 * @see Base64#GZIP
	 * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source array is null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
	 *             if source array, offset, or length are invalid
	 * @since 2.3.1
	 */
	public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len,
			int options) throws java.io.IOException {

		if (source == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null array.");
		} // end if: null

		if (off < 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have negative offset: "
					+ off);
		} // end if: off < 0

		if (len < 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have length offset: "
					+ len);
		} // end if: len < 0

		if (off + len > source.length) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					String.format(
							"Cannot have offset of %d and length of %d with array of length %d",
							off, len, source.length));
		} // end if: off < 0

		// Compress?
		if ((options & GZIP) != 0) {
			java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
			java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
			Base64.OutputStream b64os = null;

			try {
				// GZip -> Base64 -> ByteArray
				baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
				b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, ENCODE | options);
				gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);

				gzos.write(source, off, len);
				gzos.close();
			} // end try
			catch (java.io.IOException e) {
				// Catch it and then throw it immediately so that
				// the finally{} block is called for cleanup.
				throw e;
			} // end catch
			finally {
				try {
					gzos.close();
				} catch (Exception e) {
				}
				try {
					b64os.close();
				} catch (Exception e) {
				}
				try {
					baos.close();
				} catch (Exception e) {
				}
			} // end finally

			return baos.toByteArray();
		} // end if: compress

		// Else, don't compress. Better not to use streams at all then.
		else {
			boolean breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) > 0;

			// int len43 = len * 4 / 3;
			// byte[] outBuff = new byte[ ( len43 ) // Main 4:3
			// + ( (len % 3) > 0 ? 4 : 0 ) // Account for padding
			// + (breakLines ? ( len43 / MAX_LINE_LENGTH ) : 0) ]; // New lines
			// Try to determine more precisely how big the array needs to be.
			// If we get it right, we don't have to do an array copy, and
			// we save a bunch of memory.
			int encLen = (len / 3) * 4 + (len % 3 > 0 ? 4 : 0); // Bytes needed
																// for actual
																// encoding
			if (breakLines) {
				encLen += encLen / MAX_LINE_LENGTH; // Plus extra newline
													// characters
			}
			byte[] outBuff = new byte[encLen];

			int d = 0;
			int e = 0;
			int len2 = len - 2;
			int lineLength = 0;
			for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4) {
				encode3to4(source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e, options);

				lineLength += 4;
				if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
					outBuff[e + 4] = NEW_LINE;
					e++;
					lineLength = 0;
				} // end if: end of line
			} // en dfor: each piece of array

			if (d < len) {
				encode3to4(source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e, options);
				e += 4;
			} // end if: some padding needed

			// Only resize array if we didn't guess it right.
			if (e < outBuff.length - 1) {
				byte[] finalOut = new byte[e];
				System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, finalOut, 0, e);
				// System.err.println("Having to resize array from " +
				// outBuff.length + " to " + e );
				return finalOut;
			} else {
				// System.err.println("No need to resize array.");
				return outBuff;
			}

		} // end else: don't compress

	} // end encodeBytesToBytes

	/* ******** D E C O D I N G M E T H O D S ******** */

	/**
	 * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var> and writes the resulting
	 * bytes (up to three of them) to <var>destination</var>. The source and
	 * destination arrays can be manipulated anywhere along their length by
	 * specifying <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>. This method
	 * does not check to make sure your arrays are large enough to accomodate
	 * <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for the <var>source</var> array or
	 * <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for the <var>destination</var> array. This
	 * method returns the actual number of bytes that were converted from the
	 * Base64 encoding.
	 * <p>
	 * This is the lowest level of the decoding methods with all possible
	 * parameters.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            the array to convert
	 * @param srcOffset
	 *            the index where conversion begins
	 * @param destination
	 *            the array to hold the conversion
	 * @param destOffset
	 *            the index where output will be put
	 * @param options
	 *            alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe,
	 *            ordered)
	 * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if source or destination arrays are null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException
	 *             if srcOffset or destOffset are invalid or there is not enough
	 *             room in the array.
	 * @since 1.3
	 */
	private static int decode4to3(byte[] source, int srcOffset,
			byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options) {

		// Lots of error checking and exception throwing
		if (source == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Source array was null.");
		} // end if
		if (destination == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Destination array was null.");
		} // end if
		if (srcOffset < 0 || srcOffset + 3 >= source.length) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					String.format(
							"Source array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and still process four bytes.",
							source.length, srcOffset));
		} // end if
		if (destOffset < 0 || destOffset + 2 >= destination.length) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					String.format(
							"Destination array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and still store three bytes.",
							destination.length, destOffset));
		} // end if

		byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet(options);

		// Example: Dk==
		if (source[srcOffset + 2] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
			// Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
			// int outBuff = ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset ] ] << 24 ) >>> 6
			// )
			// | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
			int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
					| ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12);

			destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
			return 1;
		}

		// Example: DkL=
		else if (source[srcOffset + 3] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
			// Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
			// int outBuff = ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset ] ] << 24 ) >>> 6
			// )
			// | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
			// | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
			int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
					| ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
					| ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6);

			destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
			destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 8);
			return 2;
		}

		// Example: DkLE
		else {
			// Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
			// int outBuff = ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset ] ] << 24 ) >>> 6
			// )
			// | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
			// | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
			// | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
			int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
					| ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
					| ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6)
					| ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]] & 0xFF));

			destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >> 16);
			destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >> 8);
			destination[destOffset + 2] = (byte) (outBuff);

			return 3;
		}
	} // end decodeToBytes

	/**
	 * Low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in the form of a byte
	 * array. <strong>Ignores GUNZIP option, if it's set.</strong> This is not
	 * generally a recommended method, although it is used internally as part of
	 * the decoding process. Special case: if len = 0, an empty array is
	 * returned. Still, if you need more speed and reduced memory footprint (and
	 * aren't gzipping), consider this method.
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The Base64 encoded data
	 * @return decoded data
	 * @since 2.3.1
	 */
	public static byte[] decode(byte[] source) {
		byte[] decoded = null;
		try {
			decoded = decode(source, 0, source.length, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
		} catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
			assert false : "IOExceptions only come from GZipping, which is turned off: "
					+ ex.getMessage();
		}
		return decoded;
	}

	/**
	 * Low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in the form of a byte
	 * array. <strong>Ignores GUNZIP option, if it's set.</strong> This is not
	 * generally a recommended method, although it is used internally as part of
	 * the decoding process. Special case: if len = 0, an empty array is
	 * returned. Still, if you need more speed and reduced memory footprint (and
	 * aren't gzipping), consider this method.
	 * 
	 * @param source
	 *            The Base64 encoded data
	 * @param off
	 *            The offset of where to begin decoding
	 * @param len
	 *            The length of characters to decode
	 * @param options
	 *            Can specify options such as alphabet type to use
	 * @return decoded data
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             If bogus characters exist in source data
	 * @since 1.3
	 */
	public static byte[] decode(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		// Lots of error checking and exception throwing
		if (source == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Cannot decode null source array.");
		} // end if
		if (off < 0 || off + len > source.length) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					String.format(
							"Source array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and process %d bytes.",
							source.length, off, len));
		} // end if

		if (len == 0) {
			return new byte[0];
		} else if (len < 4) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(
					"Base64-encoded string must have at least four characters, but length specified was "
							+ len);
		} // end if

		byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet(options);

		int len34 = len * 3 / 4; // Estimate on array size
		byte[] outBuff = new byte[len34]; // Upper limit on size of output
		int outBuffPosn = 0; // Keep track of where we're writing

		byte[] b4 = new byte[4]; // Four byte buffer from source, eliminating
									// white space
		int b4Posn = 0; // Keep track of four byte input buffer
		int i = 0; // Source array counter
		byte sbiCrop = 0; // Low seven bits (ASCII) of input
		byte sbiDecode = 0; // Special value from DECODABET

		for (i = off; i < off + len; i++) { // Loop through source

			sbiCrop = (byte) (source[i] & 0x7f); // Only the low seven bits
			sbiDecode = DECODABET[sbiCrop]; // Special value

			// White space, Equals sign, or legit Base64 character
			// Note the values such as -5 and -9 in the
			// DECODABETs at the top of the file.
			if (sbiDecode >= WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
				if (sbiDecode >= EQUALS_SIGN_ENC) {
					b4[b4Posn++] = sbiCrop; // Save non-whitespace
					if (b4Posn > 3) { // Time to decode?
						outBuffPosn += decode4to3(b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn,
								options);
						b4Posn = 0;

						// If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
						if (sbiCrop == EQUALS_SIGN) {
							break;
						} // end if: equals sign
					} // end if: quartet built
				} // end if: equals sign or better
			} // end if: white space, equals sign or better
			else {
				// There's a bad input character in the Base64 stream.
				throw new java.io.IOException(String.format(
						"Bad Base64 input character '%c' in array position %d",
						source[i], i));
			} // end else:
		} // each input character

		byte[] out = new byte[outBuffPosn];
		System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn);
		return out;
	} // end decode

	/**
	 * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically detecting
	 * gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
	 * 
	 * @param s
	 *            the string to decode
	 * @return the decoded data
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             If there is a problem
	 * @since 1.4
	 */
	public static byte[] decode(String s) throws java.io.IOException {
		return decode(s, NO_OPTIONS);
	}

	/**
	 * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically detecting
	 * gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
	 * 
	 * @param s
	 *            the string to decode
	 * @param options
	 *            encode options such as URL_SAFE
	 * @return the decoded data
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if <tt>s</tt> is null
	 * @since 1.4
	 */
	public static byte[] decode(String s, int options)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		if (s == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Input string was null.");
		} // end if

		byte[] bytes;
		try {
			bytes = s.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING);
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
			bytes = s.getBytes();
		} // end catch
			// </change>

		// Decode
		bytes = decode(bytes, 0, bytes.length, options);

		// Check to see if it's gzip-compressed
		// GZIP Magic Two-Byte Number: 0x8b1f (35615)
		boolean dontGunzip = (options & DONT_GUNZIP) != 0;
		if ((bytes != null) && (bytes.length >= 4) && (!dontGunzip)) {

			int head = ((int) bytes[0] & 0xff) | ((bytes[1] << 8) & 0xff00);
			if (java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream.GZIP_MAGIC == head) {
				java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
				java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream gzis = null;
				java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
				byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
				int length = 0;

				try {
					baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
					bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
					gzis = new java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream(bais);

					while ((length = gzis.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
						baos.write(buffer, 0, length);
					} // end while: reading input

					// No error? Get new bytes.
					bytes = baos.toByteArray();

				} // end try
				catch (java.io.IOException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
					// Just return originally-decoded bytes
				} // end catch
				finally {
					try {
						baos.close();
					} catch (Exception e) {
					}
					try {
						gzis.close();
					} catch (Exception e) {
					}
					try {
						bais.close();
					} catch (Exception e) {
					}
				} // end finally

			} // end if: gzipped
		} // end if: bytes.length >= 2

		return bytes;
	} // end decode

	/**
	 * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java Object within.
	 * Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
	 * 
	 * @param encodedObject
	 *            The Base64 data to decode
	 * @return The decoded and deserialized object
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if encodedObject is null
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is a general error
	 * @throws ClassNotFoundException
	 *             if the decoded object is of a class that cannot be found by
	 *             the JVM
	 * @since 1.5
	 */
	public static Object decodeToObject(String encodedObject)
			throws java.io.IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException {
		return decodeToObject(encodedObject, NO_OPTIONS, null);
	}

	/**
	 * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java Object within.
	 * Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error. If <tt>loader</tt> is not
	 * null, it will be the class loader used when deserializing.
	 * 
	 * @param encodedObject
	 *            The Base64 data to decode
	 * @param options
	 *            Various parameters related to decoding
	 * @param loader
	 *            Optional class loader to use in deserializing classes.
	 * @return The decoded and deserialized object
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if encodedObject is null
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is a general error
	 * @throws ClassNotFoundException
	 *             if the decoded object is of a class that cannot be found by
	 *             the JVM
	 * @since 2.3.4
	 */
	public static Object decodeToObject(String encodedObject, int options,
			final ClassLoader loader) throws java.io.IOException,
			java.lang.ClassNotFoundException {

		// Decode and gunzip if necessary
		byte[] objBytes = decode(encodedObject, options);

		java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
		java.io.ObjectInputStream ois = null;
		Object obj = null;

		try {
			bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(objBytes);

			// If no custom class loader is provided, use Java's builtin OIS.
			if (loader == null) {
				ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais);
			} // end if: no loader provided

			// Else make a customized object input stream that uses
			// the provided class loader.
			else {
				ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais) {
					@Override
					public Class<?> resolveClass(
							java.io.ObjectStreamClass streamClass)
							throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
						Class c = Class.forName(streamClass.getName(), false,
								loader);
						if (c == null) {
							return super.resolveClass(streamClass);
						} else {
							return c; // Class loader knows of this class.
						} // end else: not null
					} // end resolveClass
				}; // end ois
			} // end else: no custom class loader

			obj = ois.readObject();
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and throw in order to execute finally{}
		} // end catch
		catch (java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and throw in order to execute finally{}
		} // end catch
		finally {
			try {
				bais.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
			try {
				ois.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
		} // end finally

		return obj;
	} // end decodeObject

	/**
	 * Convenience method for encoding data to a file.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an
	 * java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
	 * just returned false, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle
	 * it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * @param dataToEncode
	 *            byte array of data to encode in base64 form
	 * @param filename
	 *            Filename for saving encoded data
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @throws NullPointerException
	 *             if dataToEncode is null
	 * @since 2.1
	 */
	public static void encodeToFile(byte[] dataToEncode, String filename)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		if (dataToEncode == null) {
			throw new NullPointerException("Data to encode was null.");
		} // end iff

		Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
		try {
			bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
					new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.ENCODE);
			bos.write(dataToEncode);
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and throw to execute finally{} block
		} // end catch: java.io.IOException
		finally {
			try {
				bos.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
		} // end finally

	} // end encodeToFile

	/**
	 * Convenience method for decoding data to a file.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an
	 * java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
	 * just returned false, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle
	 * it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * @param dataToDecode
	 *            Base64-encoded data as a string
	 * @param filename
	 *            Filename for saving decoded data
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @since 2.1
	 */
	public static void decodeToFile(String dataToDecode, String filename)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
		try {
			bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
					new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.DECODE);
			bos.write(dataToDecode.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING));
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and throw to execute finally{} block
		} // end catch: java.io.IOException
		finally {
			try {
				bos.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
		} // end finally

	} // end decodeToFile

	/**
	 * Convenience method for reading a base64-encoded file and decoding it.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an
	 * java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
	 * just returned false, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle
	 * it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * @param filename
	 *            Filename for reading encoded data
	 * @return decoded byte array
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @since 2.1
	 */
	public static byte[] decodeFromFile(String filename)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		byte[] decodedData = null;
		Base64.InputStream bis = null;
		try {
			// Set up some useful variables
			java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
			byte[] buffer = null;
			int length = 0;
			int numBytes = 0;

			// Check for size of file
			if (file.length() > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
				throw new java.io.IOException(
						"File is too big for this convenience method ("
								+ file.length() + " bytes).");
			} // end if: file too big for int index
			buffer = new byte[(int) file.length()];

			// Open a stream
			bis = new Base64.InputStream(new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
					new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.DECODE);

			// Read until done
			while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0) {
				length += numBytes;
			} // end while

			// Save in a variable to return
			decodedData = new byte[length];
			System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, decodedData, 0, length);

		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
		} // end catch: java.io.IOException
		finally {
			try {
				bis.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
		} // end finally

		return decodedData;
	} // end decodeFromFile

	/**
	 * Convenience method for reading a binary file and base64-encoding it.
	 * 
	 * <p>
	 * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an
	 * java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
	 * just returned false, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle
	 * it.
	 * </p>
	 * 
	 * @param filename
	 *            Filename for reading binary data
	 * @return base64-encoded string
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @since 2.1
	 */
	public static String encodeFromFile(String filename)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		String encodedData = null;
		Base64.InputStream bis = null;
		try {
			// Set up some useful variables
			java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
			byte[] buffer = new byte[Math.max((int) (file.length() * 1.4), 40)]; // Need
																					// max()
																					// for
																					// math
																					// on
																					// small
																					// files
																					// (v2.2.1)
			int length = 0;
			int numBytes = 0;

			// Open a stream
			bis = new Base64.InputStream(new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
					new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.ENCODE);

			// Read until done
			while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0) {
				length += numBytes;
			} // end while

			// Save in a variable to return
			encodedData = new String(buffer, 0, length,
					Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
		} // end catch: java.io.IOException
		finally {
			try {
				bis.close();
			} catch (Exception e) {
			}
		} // end finally

		return encodedData;
	} // end encodeFromFile

	/**
	 * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and encodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
	 * 
	 * @param infile
	 *            Input file
	 * @param outfile
	 *            Output file
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @since 2.2
	 */
	public static void encodeFileToFile(String infile, String outfile)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		String encoded = Base64.encodeFromFile(infile);
		java.io.OutputStream out = null;
		try {
			out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
					new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
			out.write(encoded.getBytes("US-ASCII")); // Strict, 7-bit output.
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
		} // end catch
		finally {
			try {
				out.close();
			} catch (Exception ex) {
			}
		} // end finally
	} // end encodeFileToFile

	/**
	 * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and decodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
	 * 
	 * @param infile
	 *            Input file
	 * @param outfile
	 *            Output file
	 * @throws java.io.IOException
	 *             if there is an error
	 * @since 2.2
	 */
	public static void decodeFileToFile(String infile, String outfile)
			throws java.io.IOException {

		byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeFromFile(infile);
		java.io.OutputStream out = null;
		try {
			out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
					new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
			out.write(decoded);
		} // end try
		catch (java.io.IOException e) {
			throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
		} // end catch
		finally {
			try {
				out.close();
			} catch (Exception ex) {
			}
		} // end finally
	} // end decodeFileToFile

	/* ******** I N N E R C L A S S I N P U T S T R E A M ******** */

	/**
	 * A {@link Base64.InputStream} will read data from another
	 * <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt>, given in the constructor, and encode/decode
	 * to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
	 * 
	 * @see Base64
	 * @since 1.3
	 */
	public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream {

		private boolean encode; // Encoding or decoding
		private int position; // Current position in the buffer
		private byte[] buffer; // Small buffer holding converted data
		private int bufferLength; // Length of buffer (3 or 4)
		private int numSigBytes; // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer
		private int lineLength;
		private boolean breakLines; // Break lines at less than 80 characters
		private int options; // Record options used to create the stream.
		private byte[] decodabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

		/**
		 * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in DECODE mode.
		 * 
		 * @param in
		 *            the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		public InputStream(java.io.InputStream in) {
			this(in, DECODE);
		} // end constructor

		/**
		 * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in either ENCODE or DECODE
		 * mode.
		 * <p>
		 * Valid options:
		 * 
		 * <pre>
		 *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
		 *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
		 *     (only meaningful when encoding)</i>
		 * </pre>
		 * <p>
		 * Example: <code>new Base64.InputStream( in, Base64.DECODE )</code>
		 * 
		 * 
		 * @param in
		 *            the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
		 * @param options
		 *            Specified options
		 * @see Base64#ENCODE
		 * @see Base64#DECODE
		 * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
		 * @since 2.0
		 */
		public InputStream(java.io.InputStream in, int options) {

			super(in);
			this.options = options; // Record for later
			this.breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) > 0;
			this.encode = (options & ENCODE) > 0;
			this.bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
			this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
			this.position = -1;
			this.lineLength = 0;
			this.decodabet = getDecodabet(options);
		} // end constructor

		/**
		 * Reads enough of the input stream to convert to/from Base64 and
		 * returns the next byte.
		 * 
		 * @return next byte
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		@Override
		public int read() throws java.io.IOException {

			// Do we need to get data?
			if (position < 0) {
				if (encode) {
					byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
					int numBinaryBytes = 0;
					for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
						int b = in.read();

						// If end of stream, b is -1.
						if (b >= 0) {
							b3[i] = (byte) b;
							numBinaryBytes++;
						} else {
							break; // out of for loop
						} // end else: end of stream

					} // end for: each needed input byte

					if (numBinaryBytes > 0) {
						encode3to4(b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0, options);
						position = 0;
						numSigBytes = 4;
					} // end if: got data
					else {
						return -1; // Must be end of stream
					} // end else
				} // end if: encoding

				// Else decoding
				else {
					byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
					int i = 0;
					for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
						// Read four "meaningful" bytes:
						int b = 0;
						do {
							b = in.read();
						} while (b >= 0
								&& decodabet[b & 0x7f] <= WHITE_SPACE_ENC);

						if (b < 0) {
							break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream
						} // end if: end of stream

						b4[i] = (byte) b;
					} // end for: each needed input byte

					if (i == 4) {
						numSigBytes = decode4to3(b4, 0, buffer, 0, options);
						position = 0;
					} // end if: got four characters
					else if (i == 0) {
						return -1;
					} // end else if: also padded correctly
					else {
						// Must have broken out from above.
						throw new java.io.IOException(
								"Improperly padded Base64 input.");
					} // end

				} // end else: decode
			} // end else: get data

			// Got data?
			if (position >= 0) {
				// End of relevant data?
				if ( /* !encode && */position >= numSigBytes) {
					return -1;
				} // end if: got data

				if (encode && breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
					lineLength = 0;
					return '\n';
				} // end if
				else {
					lineLength++; // This isn't important when decoding
									// but throwing an extra "if" seems
									// just as wasteful.

					int b = buffer[position++];

					if (position >= bufferLength) {
						position = -1;
					} // end if: end

					return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
										// intended to be unsigned.
				} // end else
			} // end if: position >= 0

			// Else error
			else {
				throw new java.io.IOException(
						"Error in Base64 code reading stream.");
			} // end else
		} // end read

		/**
		 * Calls {@link #read()} repeatedly until the end of stream is reached
		 * or <var>len</var> bytes are read. Returns number of bytes read into
		 * array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
		 * 
		 * @param dest
		 *            array to hold values
		 * @param off
		 *            offset for array
		 * @param len
		 *            max number of bytes to read into array
		 * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		@Override
		public int read(byte[] dest, int off, int len)
				throws java.io.IOException {
			int i;
			int b;
			for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
				b = read();

				if (b >= 0) {
					dest[off + i] = (byte) b;
				} else if (i == 0) {
					return -1;
				} else {
					break; // Out of 'for' loop
				} // Out of 'for' loop
			} // end for: each byte read
			return i;
		} // end read

	} // end inner class InputStream

	/* ******** I N N E R C L A S S O U T P U T S T R E A M ******** */

	/**
	 * A {@link Base64.OutputStream} will write data to another
	 * <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt>, given in the constructor, and
	 * encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
	 * 
	 * @see Base64
	 * @since 1.3
	 */
	public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream {

		private boolean encode;
		private int position;
		private byte[] buffer;
		private int bufferLength;
		private int lineLength;
		private boolean breakLines;
		private byte[] b4; // Scratch used in a few places
		private boolean suspendEncoding;
		private int options; // Record for later
		private byte[] decodabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

		/**
		 * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
		 * 
		 * @param out
		 *            the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be
		 *            written.
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		public OutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out) {
			this(out, ENCODE);
		} // end constructor

		/**
		 * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in either ENCODE or DECODE
		 * mode.
		 * <p>
		 * Valid options:
		 * 
		 * <pre>
		 *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
		 *   DO_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
		 *     (only meaningful when encoding)</i>
		 * </pre>
		 * <p>
		 * Example: <code>new Base64.OutputStream( out, Base64.ENCODE )</code>
		 * 
		 * @param out
		 *            the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be
		 *            written.
		 * @param options
		 *            Specified options.
		 * @see Base64#ENCODE
		 * @see Base64#DECODE
		 * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		public OutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out, int options) {
			super(out);
			this.breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) != 0;
			this.encode = (options & ENCODE) != 0;
			this.bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
			this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
			this.position = 0;
			this.lineLength = 0;
			this.suspendEncoding = false;
			this.b4 = new byte[4];
			this.options = options;
			this.decodabet = getDecodabet(options);
		} // end constructor

		/**
		 * Writes the byte to the output stream after converting to/from Base64
		 * notation. When encoding, bytes are buffered three at a time before
		 * the output stream actually gets a write() call. When decoding, bytes
		 * are buffered four at a time.
		 * 
		 * @param theByte
		 *            the byte to write
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		@Override
		public void write(int theByte) throws java.io.IOException {
			// Encoding suspended?
			if (suspendEncoding) {
				this.out.write(theByte);
				return;
			} // end if: supsended

			// Encode?
			if (encode) {
				buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
				if (position >= bufferLength) { // Enough to encode.

					this.out.write(encode3to4(b4, buffer, bufferLength, options));

					lineLength += 4;
					if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
						this.out.write(NEW_LINE);
						lineLength = 0;
					} // end if: end of line

					position = 0;
				} // end if: enough to output
			} // end if: encoding

			// Else, Decoding
			else {
				// Meaningful Base64 character?
				if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] > WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
					buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
					if (position >= bufferLength) { // Enough to output.

						int len = Base64.decode4to3(buffer, 0, b4, 0, options);
						out.write(b4, 0, len);
						position = 0;
					} // end if: enough to output
				} // end if: meaningful base64 character
				else if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] != WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
					throw new java.io.IOException(
							"Invalid character in Base64 data.");
				} // end else: not white space either
			} // end else: decoding
		} // end write

		/**
		 * Calls {@link #write(int)} repeatedly until <var>len</var> bytes are
		 * written.
		 * 
		 * @param theBytes
		 *            array from which to read bytes
		 * @param off
		 *            offset for array
		 * @param len
		 *            max number of bytes to read into array
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		@Override
		public void write(byte[] theBytes, int off, int len)
				throws java.io.IOException {
			// Encoding suspended?
			if (suspendEncoding) {
				this.out.write(theBytes, off, len);
				return;
			} // end if: supsended

			for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
				write(theBytes[off + i]);
			} // end for: each byte written

		} // end write

		/**
		 * Method added by PHIL. [Thanks, PHIL. -Rob] This pads the buffer
		 * without closing the stream.
		 * 
		 * @throws java.io.IOException
		 *             if there's an error.
		 */
		public void flushBase64() throws java.io.IOException {
			if (position > 0) {
				if (encode) {
					out.write(encode3to4(b4, buffer, position, options));
					position = 0;
				} // end if: encoding
				else {
					throw new java.io.IOException(
							"Base64 input not properly padded.");
				} // end else: decoding
			} // end if: buffer partially full

		} // end flush

		/**
		 * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream.
		 * 
		 * @since 1.3
		 */
		@Override
		public void close() throws java.io.IOException {
			// 1. Ensure that pending characters are written
			flushBase64();

			// 2. Actually close the stream
			// Base class both flushes and closes.
			super.close();

			buffer = null;
			out = null;
		} // end close

		/**
		 * Suspends encoding of the stream. May be helpful if you need to embed
		 * a piece of base64-encoded data in a stream.
		 * 
		 * @throws java.io.IOException
		 *             if there's an error flushing
		 * @since 1.5.1
		 */
		public void suspendEncoding() throws java.io.IOException {
			flushBase64();
			this.suspendEncoding = true;
		} // end suspendEncoding

		/**
		 * Resumes encoding of the stream. May be helpful if you need to embed a
		 * piece of base64-encoded data in a stream.
		 * 
		 * @since 1.5.1
		 */
		public void resumeEncoding() {
			this.suspendEncoding = false;
		} // end resumeEncoding

	} // end inner class OutputStream

} // end class Base64